Aplied Linguistics, L1 and L2 Essays

Aplied Linguistics, L1 and L2 Essays Aplied Linguistics, L1 and L2 Essay Aplied Linguistics, L1 and L2 Essay Reading Worksheet 1: Read the extract Applied Linguistics: An emerging discipline for the twenty-first century in your reading packs and answers the following questions: 1. On the basis of the information provided by Grabe, complete the following chart. Which conclusions can you draw regarding the scope of Applied Linguistics? Decade |Focus of Applied Linguistics | | |Insights of structural and functional linguistics that could be applied to language teaching and | |1950s |literacy in first and second language. | |Language assessment, language policies and second language acquisition ( focused on learning rather | |1960s |than teaching) | | |Real world problems rather than theoretical explorations: Language assessment, second language | |1970s |acquisition, literacy, multilingualism, language minority rights language planning and policy and | | |teacher training. Language teaching remains important. | | |Incorporation of many subfields beyond language teaching and language learning such as: language | |1980s |assessment, language policy and planning, language use in professional settings, translation, | | |lexicography, multilingualism, language and technology and corpus linguistics. | |Incorporation of more subfields and drawing on supporting disciplines: Psychology, education, | |1990s |anthropology, sociology, political science, policy studies, administration studies, English studies ( | | |rhetoric, composition, literacy) | 2. What is the central issue in Applied Linguistics? Has it changed in the same way as its scope? In a very general point of view, applied linguistics is focused on language-related real-life problems; but it hasn’t always been this way, back in the 50s, applied linguistics focused mainly in second and first language teaching and then it began to emerge as a genuine problem-solving enterprise. Late in the 90’s, applied linguistics led into the theoretical and empirical investigation of real world problems in which language is a central issue. So, upon the course of years, applied linguistics has developed into a more practical use of this one. 3. Why is Generative Linguistics not dominant in Applied Linguistics? Which are the competing approaches for linguistic analysis that are growing recognition, instead? Why are they preferred to the generative approach? 4. Why is interdisciplinary a defining aspect of Applied Linguistics nowadays? Because applied linguistics uses methods and insights of several established disciplines or traditional fields; it has acknowledge about other fields a part from linguistics and it crosses a wide range of settings follow. 5. Why do some scholars claim that Applied Linguistics is not a discipline? What is the author’s point of view? Why? Because they do believe that applied linguistics is too broad and fragmented that it demands expert knowledge in too many fields and that doesn’t have a set of unifying research paradigms. The author believes that applied linguistics can be considered a discipline much in the way that many other disciplines are defined. He explains that as several other new relatively new disciplines in academic institutions, applied linguistics has its core and periphery which can blur into other disciplines that can or not be allied with it. Read the extract An Overview of Applied Linguistics in your reading pack and answer the following questions: 1. How many different areas within AL are listed in the chapter? Which is the dominant one? 2. What is Authorship identification? 3. What is the Grammar-translation method? What is the Direct method? Which are the main problems with those methods? How long did they last? 4. When and why did Audiolingualism emerge? Was it successful? Why? 5. What replaced Behaviourism? Why? 6. What is the main argument for linguistic nativism? 7. What is communicative competence? 8. Describe the main focus of communicative language teaching. In which particular aspects of language use is it useful? Which is the main problem with this approach? What replaced it? 9. In which way(s) has computing technology provided useful insights in language description? 10. Why isn’t Chomsky’s notion of competence a proper object of study for Sociolinguistics?

4 Top Tips for Writing Stellar MIT Essays

4 Top Tips for Writing Stellar MIT Essays SAT / ACT Prep Online Guides and Tips MIT admits 7% of students every year. If you want to be one of them, you’ll need to write some killer MIT essays as part of your own Massachusetts Institute of Technology application. In this article, we’ll outline the MIT essay prompts and teach you how to write MIT supplemental essays that will help you stand out from the thousands of other applicants. What Are the MIT Essays? Like most major colleges and universities, MIT requires its applicants to submit essay examples as part of your application for admission. MIT has its own application and doesn’t accept the Common Application or the Coalition Application. The MIT essay prompts you’ll answer aren't found on any other college's application. There are five MIT supplemental essays. You’ll need to answer 5 short MIT essay prompts (none more than 250 words) on various aspects of your life: what you do for fun, what department you’re interested in at MIT, a way that you contribute to your community, a description of your background, and a challenge that you have faced in your life. The MIT essay prompts are designed specifically to get to the heart of what makes you you. These essays help the admissions committee get a holistic picture of you as a person, beyond what they can learn from other parts of your application. Want to get into MIT or your personal top choice college? We can help. PrepScholar Admissions is the world's best admissions consulting service. We combine world-class admissions counselors with our data-driven, proprietary admissions strategies. We've overseen thousands of students get into their top choice schools, from state colleges to the Ivy League. Learn more about PrepScholar Admissions to maximize your chance of getting in. 2018-19 MIT Essay Prompts The MIT supplemental essays are short, and each one addresses a different aspect of your identity and accomplishments. You’ll submit your essays along with an activities list and a self-reported coursework form as Part 2 of your MIT application. MIT structures its application this way because they rely on a uniform application to help them review thousands of applicants in the most straightforward and efficient way possible. You need to respond to all five of the MIT essay prompts for your application. Here are the 2018-19 MIT essay prompts: We know you lead a busy life, full of activities, many of which are required of you. Tell us about something you do simply for the pleasure of it. (100 words or fewer) Although you may not yet know what you want to major in, which department or program at MIT appeals to you and why? (100 words or fewer) At MIT, we bring people together to better the lives of others. MIT students work to improve their communities in different ways, from tackling the world’s biggest challenges to being a good friend. Describe one way in which you have contributed to your community, whether in your family, the classroom, your neighborhood, etc. (200-250 words) Describe the world you come from; for example, your family, clubs, school, community, city, or town. How has that world shaped your dreams and aspirations? (200-250 words) Tell us about the most significant challenge you’ve faced or something important that didn’t go according to plan. How did you manage the situation? (200-250 words) Now that we know what the prompts are, let's learn how to answer them effectively. MIT Essays, Analyzed In this section, we’ll be looking at each of the five MIT essays in depth. Remember, every applicant must answer every one of the MIT essay prompts, so you don’t get to choose which essay you would like to write. You have to answer all five of the MIT essay prompts (and do so strongly) in order to present the best application possible. Let’s take a look at the five MIT supplemental essay questions and see what the admissions committee wants to hear from each. MIT Essay Prompt #1 We know you lead a busy life, full of activities, many of which are required of you. Tell us about something you do simply for the pleasure of it. (100 words or fewer) This MIT essay prompt is very broad. The structure of the prompt indicates that the committee is interested in learning about your curiosity inside and outside of the classroom, so don’t feel like you have to your work to what you love about academics and school. This MIT essay is your opportunity to show a different side of your personality than the admissions committee will see on the rest of your application. This essay is your chance to show yourself as a well-rounded person who has a variety of different interests and talents. Choose a specific activity here. You don’t need to present a laundry list of activities - simply pick one thing and describe in detail why you enjoy it. You could talk about anything from your love of makeup tutorials on YouTube to the board game nights you have with your family. The key here is to pick something that you’re truly passionate about. Don’t feel limited to interests relating to your potential major. MIT’s second prompt is all about that, so in this first prompt forget about what the school â€Å"wants to read† and be yourself! In fact, describing your experience in or passion for a different field will better show that you’re curious and open to new ideas. If you love playing games, the first MIT essay prompt is the time to talk about that passion. MIT Prompt #2 Although you may not yet know what you want to major in, which department or program at MIT appeals to you and why? (100 words or fewer). This question sets you up for success: it targets your area of interest but doesn’t pigeon-hole you. This essay is where your formal education will be most important. They want to know what kind of academic life you may lead in college so keep it brief, but allow your excitement for learning to drive these words. You are, after all, applying to MIT - they want to know about your academic side. You should demonstrate your knowledge of and affinity for MIT in this essay. Don’t just say that you admire the MIT engineering program - explain exactly what it is about the engineering program that appeals to you. You can call out specific professors or classes that are of interest to you. Doing so helps show that you truly want to go to MIT and have done your research. MIT Prompt #3 At MIT, we bring people together to better the lives of others. MIT students work to improve their communities in different ways, from tackling the world’s biggest challenges to being a good friend. Describe one way in which you have contributed to your community, whether in your family, the classroom, your neighborhood, etc. (200-250 words) This MIT prompt is by far the most specific, so be specific in your answer. Pick one experience that’s meaningful to you to discuss here. The prompt doesn’t specify that you have to talk about something academic or personal. It can be anything that you’ve done where you have contributed to any community - your dance troupe, gaming friends, debate team teammates. A community can be anything; it doesn’t just refer to your hometown, scholastic or religious community. The trick to answering this prompt is to find a concrete example and stick to it. Don’t, for instance, say that you try to recycle because the environment is meaningful to you, because it won’t sound sincere. Rather, you can talk about why picking up garbage in the park where you played baseball as a child has deeper meaning because you’re protecting a place that you’ve loved for a long time. You should talk about something that is uniquely important to you, not the other thousands of students that are applying to MIT. Pick something that is really meaningful to you. Your essay should feel sincere. Don’t write what you think the committee wants to hear. They’ll be more impressed by a meaningful experience that rings true than one that seems artificial or implausible. MIT Prompt #4 Describe the world you come from; for example, your family, clubs, school, community, city, or town. How has that world shaped your dreams and aspirations? (200-250 words) Don’t repeat information that the committee can find elsewhere on your application. Take the time to share fun, personal details about yourself. For instance, do you make awesome, screen-accurate cosplays or have a collection of rock crystals from caving expeditions? Think about what you love to do in your spare time. Be specific - the committee wants to get a real picture of you as a person. Don’t just say that you love to play video games, say exactly which video games you love and why. MIT wants to know about your community - the friends, family, teammates, etc. who make up your current life. All of those people have affected you in some way - this prompt is your chance to reflect on that influence and expand on it. You can talk about the deep bonds you have and how they have affected you. Showing your relationships to others gives the committee a better idea of how you will fit in on MIT’s campus. All in all, this MIT essay is a great opportunity to have some fun and show off some different aspects of your personality. Let yourself shine! MIT Prompt #5 Tell us about the most significant challenge you’ve faced or something important that didn’t go according to plan. How did you manage the situation? (200-250 words) The most important thing to remember with this essay prompt is to be specific. The committee doesn’t want you to wax poetic on how you try to keep a positive outlook on life; they want to see how a real-life example has affected you. The example you pick doesn’t have to be large or earth-shattering. In fact, it can be small - maybe you forgot your notes for your debate and were worried about how you would let your teammates down. Maybe you broke your leg right before the final game of the season and had to sit on the sideline. The experience you choose doesn’t have to be universally seen as difficult; it just has to feel that way for you. Make sure that you show how you overcame the problem. Your strategy doesn’t have to be perfect. In fact, the prompt specifically asks you how you managed things that didn’t go according to plan. You’ll want to show that you are flexible, quick on your feet, and open to new situations. You can talk about how you were frustrated or angry or scared as the events were unfolding, but you ultimately want to show that you were able to emerge on the other side with a lesson learned. How to Write a Great MIT Essay Regardless of which MIT essay prompt you’re responding to, you should keep in mind the following tips for how to write a great MIT essay. #1: Use Your Own Voice The point of a college essay is for the admissions committee to have the chance to get to know you beyond your test scores, grades, and honors. Your admissions essays are your opportunity to make yourself come alive for the essay readers and to present yourself as a fully fleshed out person. You should, then, make sure that the person you’re presenting in your college essays is yourself. Don’t try to emulate what you think the committee wants to hear or try to act like someone you’re not. If you lie or exaggerate, your essay will come across as insincere, which will diminish its effectiveness. Stick to telling real stories about the person you really are, not who you think MIT wants you to be. You're the star of the show in your MIT essays! Make sure your work reflects who you are as a student and person, not who you think the admissions committee wants you to be. #2: Avoid Cliches and Overused Phrases When writing your MIT essays, try to avoid using cliches or overused quotes or phrases. These include quotations that have been quoted to death and phrases or idioms that are overused in daily life. The college admissions committee has probably seen numerous essays that state, â€Å"Be the change you want to see in the world.† Strive for originality. Similarly, avoid using cliches, which take away from the strength and sincerity of your work. Your work should be straightforward and authentic. #3: Check Your Work It should almost go without saying, but you want to make sure your MIT essays are the strongest example of your work possible. Before you turn in your MIT application, make sure to edit and proofread your essays. Your work should be free of spelling and grammar errors. Make sure to run your essays through a spelling and grammar check before you submit. It’s a good idea to have someone else read your MIT essays, too. You can seek a second opinion on your work from a parent, teacher, or friend. Ask them whether your work represents you as a student and person. Have them check and make sure you haven’t missed any small writing errors. Having a second opinion will help your work be the best it possibly can be. #4: Demonstrate Your Love for MIT MIT’s five essay prompts are specific to MIT. Keep that in mind as you’re answering them, particularly when you attack prompt two. Show why MIT is your dream school - what aspects of the education and community there are most attractive to you as a student. MIT receives thousands of applications, from students who have different levels of interest in the university. The more you can show that you really want to go to MIT, the more the school will be interested in your application. Your passion for MIT may even give you a leg up on other applicants. What’s Next? Exploring your standardized testing options? Click here for the full list and for strategies on how to get your best ACT score. Are you happy with your ACT/SAT score, or do you think it should be higher? Learn what a good SAT/ACT score is for your target schools. Your MIT essays are just one part of your college application process. Check out our guide to applying to collegefor a step-by-step breakdown of what you'll need to do. Want to write the perfect college application essay? Get professional help from PrepScholar. Your dedicated PrepScholar Admissions counselor will craft your perfect college essay, from the ground up. We'll learn your background and interests, brainstorm essay topics, and walk you through the essay drafting process, step-by-step. At the end, you'll have a unique essay that you'll proudly submit to your top choice colleges. Don't leave your college application to chance. Find out more about PrepScholar Admissions now:

Employers Liability for its Employees Sex Abuse Case Study

Employers Liability for its Employees Sex Abuse - Case Study Example The case involved an employer who operated a care facility for mentally disabled children. One of the employees in the facility sexually abused a child. The supreme could of Canada held that the employer was vicariously liable for the unauthorized, intentional and wrong act of the employee. The Supreme Court issued a two-part approach to test whether an employer should be held vicariously liable. The test is as follows: 1) The court shall openly assess whether the liability should be imposed against the employer, rather than obscuring the decision under semantic discussions of scope of the employment and mode of the conduct. 2) The court shall assess whether the wrong act is sufficiently connected to conduct authorized by the employer to warrant imposition of liability on the employer. Where there is sufficient connection between the offence and the authority granted to the employee, vicarious liability will be enforced on the employer to serve as adequate remedy for the plaintiff and as deterrence. In determining the sufficiency of connection, the court shall consider the following factors: In addition, in the case of sexual assault, John Doe v. Bennett in which a Parish priest (Bennet) of the Roman Catholic Diocese in Newfoundland, Canada abused several young boys who were under his care for thirty years while serving as a parish priest. (White, 2005). The Canada Supreme Court upheld the decision of a lower court and ruled that, the Roman Catholic Diocese was vicariously directly liable for the actions of Bennet. Therefore, from the legal provisions and cases aforementioned, it is evident that the defendant (principle) in Curry’s case scenario is vicariously liable for the misconduct of his/her employee, curry if the application of the second part of the Bazley test in Curry’s case is anything to go by because: Firstly, the employer afforded Curry the opportunity to abuse his power in that the job description of the

Health Information Exchange Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Health Information Exchange - Essay Example ea in several ways including but not limited to improved quality of patient care, reduced costs and faster communication between patients and medical professionals. Though many professional bodies and individuals support the installation of a HIE scheme, there exists several challenges to this which are still being addressed. Of these issues, privacy, confidentiality, possible unauthorized access and misuse of medical records are of primary concern. This essay will examine HIE in relation to defining it as a process and what it aims to achieve in the medical community. It will then look at its development within recent years as technical advancements have made it a possible method of faster information transmission. Challenges that remain within the area of HIE will then be briefly examined with a view to summarizing them to their main areas of concern. Potential solutions to these problems will then be described and a final concluding discussion will then follow. Health Information Exchange (HIE), is a term used to describe the process of information sharing in relation to the health of individuals, among Health Information Organizations (HIOs) across the world. The sharing of this information is aimed at maintaining individual confidentiality, privacy and security, while providing a faster and more effective way of sharing health-related information for the benefit of both patients and HIOs (AHIMA). HIE is a fundamental part of the health information technology (HIT) network which is currently being reviewed in the United States and the National Health Information Network (Health Information Exchange). It is still not fully developed but is expected to be implemented at some stage in the near future. It is the responsibility of Health Information Organizations to ensure the successful operation of HIE. In order for this to function, they must â€Å"create a standardized interoperable model that is patient centric, trusted, longitudinal, scalable, sustainable, and

Violence and Crime Essay Example for Free

Violence and Crime Essay In the last sentence, the immense power of the darkness is revealed when MacCaig points out that no stockades can keep the midnight out. The darkness seems so immensely powerful and lethal because stockades are barriers make to stop anything that comes against it. So if we cant keep the darkness away from NY, nothing can. I think that the message MacCaig is trying to get across to us is that Crime and violence can affect lots of people, even a whole city, and that its impossible stop it or fight it. He cleverly personified the darkness to get this message across to us. Edwin Morgans poem Glasgow 5th March 1971 is also about crime and violence in the society but Edwin Morgan has some different views of it but they also share some same views about it which you can see from the poems. Glasgow 5th March 1971 also sounds like a realistic title, just like MacCaigs title. Is sounds as if there was and incident there in real life. First of all, poet describes the broken glass as a ragged diamond. This creates a contrasted image as broken glass looks completely different to what it looked like when it was in one piece. The word ragged is good word choice because the word itself sounds bumpy and jagged and also like what it means. So its much easier to imagine the shape of the broken glass. Morgan comments on the Mans face as bristling with fragments of glass. The poet doesnt acknowledge us of any bloodiness or pain that the man is in, unlike MacCaig because when MacCaig writes about the injured people, he mentions broken bones and Harsh screaming which clearly indicates the pain the suffering people must be in. There is specific violence when Morgan notifies us that the girl spurts arterial when Morgan notifies us that the girl who is with the man, spurts arterial blood when she is pushed through a shop window. On the other hand, MacCaig only hints at violence and talks about the pain the victims are in like when he is talking about broken bones and screaming. By using the word arterial, he lets us know how deep the cut really is and it also makes the wound seem lethal. Morgan also uses alliteration in his poem in the same way as MacCaig uses it. They both use it when they are talking about the after affects of the crime and violence on people. There is alliteration when the letter w is repeated in wet look white coat. This reflects the soft sound of the blood is splattering on her coat as the w sound is also has that soft sound. The image created is very violent because red blood clearly stands out on a white coat. The red blood will clearly contrast with the white coat, clearly standing out. MacCaig also uses one violent image like this when he talks about the blood glazed sidewalks, which will also stand out. The two victims of the crime, man and girl, both have their arms starfished out and braced for impact. This clearly reveals to us that both people were taken by surprise from looking at the word starfished. Their shear fear is shown by the phrase braced for impact as they dont know what is happening to them presently and what could happen to them next. This is an example of extreme emotion. MacCaig uses extreme emotion as well but he used it to describe the pain the victims were in. Morgan describes either one or two people at a time whereas MacCaig describes what is happing to lots of people as they are affected by violence. Morgan has another phrase with alliteration when the faces of the victims show surprise, shock, as the s and sh sounds are repeated. This mirrors the sound of the broken glass as the two victims move about. At the end, Morgan reveals that the two youths, where the criminals who pushed the couple through the window. He also reveals two more witnesses in the background driving there car, but they purposely drive away and choose not to get involved. I think that the message Morgan is trying to get across is that crime and violence can happen to anyone, anywhere and that it is not being helped by people to stop it as more and more people are becoming apathetic and not getting involved. So they both share similar views. In conclusion, I think the both want their readers to know that crime and violence cant be stopped and that it can happen to anyone, wherever you go. They both write in different ways to get similar points across; Edwin Morgan writes specific violence whereas Norman MacCaig writes violence in general or non specific violence. After looking at both poems, I have learnt that crime and violence is everywhere and that everyone should put in effort, together, if we want it to be completely stopped. Edwin Morgans and Norman MacCaigs poems are based on two completely different cities. They are almost at the opposite side of the world to each other, yet, they still share similar ideas about crime and violence.

Symbols and Symbolism - Pearl as Living Symbol in The Scarlet Letter :: Scarlet Letter essays

Pearl as Living Symbol in The Scarlet Letter      Ã‚  Ã‚   Pearl.   A child born of sin.   Conceived by lust.   Created by impurity.      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   As the result of her parents fall from grace, she represents the sinfulness of their act, and is a continual tool for the recollection of their dubious deed.   Sent, was she, from the Almighty God as a gift, and a burden of the heart.      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   "'God gave me the child?' cried she.   'He gave her in requital of all things else, which ye had taken from me.   She is my happiness!- she is my torture, none the less!   See ye not, she is the scarlet letter, only capable of being loved, and so endowed with a million fold the power of retribution for my sin?   Ye shall not take her!   I will die first!'"(109)      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   "'There is truth in what she says,' began the minister, with a voice sweet, tremulous, but powerful, insomuch that the hall reechoed, and the hollow armor rang with it - 'truth in what Hester says, and in the feeling which inspires her!'"(110)...      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   "'I must be even so,' resumed the minister.'" " 'This child of its father's guilt and its mother's shame hath come from the hand of God, to work in many ways upon her heart, who pleads so earnestly, and with such bitterness of spirit, the right to keep her.   It was meant, doubtless, as the mother herself hath told us, for a retribution too; a torture to be felt at many an unthought-of moment; a pang, a sting, an ever-recurring agony, in the midst of a troubled joy!   Hath she not expressed this thought with the garb of the poor child, so forcibly reminding us of that red symbol which sears her bosom?'"(110-111).      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Pearls gestures, and the essence which her presence pours forth, insinuate to the child's evil roots and the effect there of.      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   "the child could not be made amenable to rules.   In giving her existence, a great law had been broken, and the result was a being whose elements where perhaps beautiful and brilliant, but all in disorder."... "Above all, the warfare of Hester's spirit, at that epoch, was perpetuated in Pearl.   She could recognize her wild, desperate, defiant mood, the

Does the Internet Make You Dumber Essay

A psychologist, Patricia Greenfield has reviewed studies in our cognitive abilities from which Carr claims demonstrates we are becoming â€Å"shallower† (Carr 2010, p. w1). Carr refers to two specific examples. An experiment at Cornwell University, this was a small survey conducted in a classroom, the number of pupils was not documented in the article. Another experiment conducted at Stanford University with the conclusion being heavy multi-taskers were not effective at multi-tasking, as everything became a distraction. The more the person multi-tasks the more easily distracted and ‘had less control over their attention’. This experiment was more comprehensive. To back up claims that the internet changes the way we think, Carr refers to an experiment done on primates in the 1970s and 1980s. The test seems extensive on how quickly our brains circuits responce can change based on our can experience. This doesn’t talk about how quickly the brain can therefore revert back when needed for more reflective activities such as when reading a book. Carr assumes that the increased level of visual-spatial intelligence needed for fast internet usage is a negative. Carr hasn’t considered the effectiveness the increased spatial intelligence gives its user in other areas of technological advancement that require this skill set. Carr assumes that the internet is the main reason for people becoming distracted and therefore having low cognitive abilities, Carr’s studies don’t include how distractions can come in all forms not just pop ups and advertisements on a computer screen. He further assumes the classroom experiment revealing the internet didn’t help the learners is typical for all internet users. Undeniably Carr is right in his notions of the internet being an easy distraction; multi-tasking and prioritising are learnt skills and ones that are undeniably tested by the internets powers of distraction. In our increasingly fast paced world multitasking is a necessary for survival, and therefore will continue to be a required skill for our future. Multitasking is needed in all facets of life making the skill a valuable one. References Carr, N 2010, ‘Does the internet make you dumber? , The Wall Street Journal p W1

Comparing Old & New Terrorism

Introduction1.1 BackgroundIn the countdown to the end of the twentieth century, notable scholars came up with a new concept of ‘New Terrorism’ which represents a shift from the traditional terrorism. The ‘new terrorism’ ‘refers to a qualitative change in the nature of terrorism, which has allegedly taken place during the 1990s’ (Kurtulus 2007:476). This paradigm has also been variously referred to as ‘contemporary terrorism’ (Laqueur 2003) ‘post-modern terrorism’, ‘super-terrorism’, ‘catastrophic terrorism’ and ‘hyper-terrorism’ (Field 2009). This dissertation intends to undertake the examination of this paradigm shift. It intends to examine the various sources if there is indeed a ‘New Terrorism’ as canvassed by some scholars and policy makers. It would do this by doing a case study of Irish Republican Army, or the IRA and Al Qaeda representing each group.1.2 Aims and ObjectivesIn this section, the research aims, objectives, and research questions will be outlined. Firstly, the aim of this research is as follows: To ensure that this aim is fully explored, the following research objectives have been devised: How are the emerging forms of terrorism different from the traditional methods How should the existing counterterrorism infrastructure be amended in order to meet the challenges of the modern age 1.3 Research QuestionsThe research question is as follows: What are the new forms of terrorism and what factors created them What are the key factors that have contributed to the success of these new terrorist practices Is the current counterterrorist system capable of dealing with the emerging terrorist threat To seek to explore this aim, research question and these objectives, a review of the literature will be undertaken to explore these areas have experienced change over time. The findings from this review will be used to explore and examine the research aim, objectives and question. To ensure that this is appropriately undertaken the following topics will be discussed in the review:1.4 Scope of the StudyA study of the Irish Republican Army will be undertaken in comparison to the modern operations of the recognized terrorist agency Al Qaeda.1.5 Structure of the StudyThis study will be comprised of 6 sections including the introduction, literature review, and methodology, case study analysis, Discussion, Conclusion.2 Literature Review The section will review relevant literature as regards the proposed research.2.1 Defining Terrorism and emerging forms of Terrorism2.2 Factors that contributed to Terrorism’s Success2.3 Current prevention and enforcement options2.4Trends3. Methodol ogy This chapter illustrates the research methodology used as well as providing a brief introductory passage regarding the meaning of research methodology.3.1 IntroductionThe methodology focuses on an explanation of the qualitative and quantitative research approaches considered for this thesis to answer the following questions: How are the emerging forms of terrorism different from the traditional methods How should the existing counterterrorism infrastructure be amended in order to meet the challenges of the modern age This includes the elements of the research approach adopted and the reasons behind this choice.3.2 Methods of Data CollectionSecondary sources dating from the operation of the Irish Republican Army as well as year to date operations of Al Qaeda will provide the required range of data for assessment.3.2.1 Case Study AnalysisYin (2009) contends that the case study analysis strategy is a valid tool for providing empirical content. This method of research allows for an investigation into the real world impact of terrorism. Others contend that the case study is not always the best strategic analysis approach (Baxter and Jack 2008). However, Stake (1995) demonstrates that a case study can provide understanding and increase the capacity for understanding. The approach for this dissertation will utilize a qualitative, interpretative research method; a case study examination of the Irish Republican Army and Al Qaeda. Yin (2009) demonstrates that the exploratory case study method can be used to examine situations in which there is no defined outcome. This research will rest on the goal to identify challenges and lessons for future. For the purposes of this research, the qualitative research approach is more suitable due to capacity to assess the wide ranging nature the terrorist conditions. Case Study This section will present a case study examination of the Irish Republican Army in comparison to the operations of Al Qaeda.4.1 Irish Republican Army formation factorsRyanair and (another airline of your choice)4.2 Effectiveness of the IRA methods4.3 Al Qaeda formation factors4.4 Effectiveness of the IRA methods4.5 Trends4.8 Discussion(Tie the case study to the literature review) 5. Conclusion 7. References Baxter, P. and Jack, S. 2008. Qualitative case study methodology: Study design and implementation for novice researchers. The Qualitative Report, 13 (4), pp. 544–559. Field, A. 2009. The ‘New Terrorism’: Revolution or Evolution?. Political Studies Review, 7 (2), pp. 195–207. Kurtulus, E. 2011. The â€Å"new terrorism† and its critics. Studies in Conflict & Terrorism, 34 (6), pp. 476–500. Laqueur, W. 2003. No end to war. New York: Continuum. Stake, R. 1995. The art of case study research. Sage Publications, Inc. Yin, R. 2009. Case study research. Thousand Oaks: Sage Publications.

25 Essay Topics for American Government Classes

25 Essay Topics for American Government Classes If you are a teacher searching for essay topics to assign to your U.S. government or civics class or looking for ideas, do not fret. It is easy to integrate debates and discussions into the classroom environment. These topic suggestions provide a wealth of ideas for written assignments such as  position papers, compare and contrast essays  and  argumentative essays. Scan the following 25 question topics and ideas to find just the right one. Youll soon be reading interesting papers from your students after they grapple with these challenging and important issues. 25 Topics Compare and contrast what is a direct democracy versus representative democracy.  React to the following statement: Democratic decision-making should be extended to all areas of life including schools, the workplace, and the government.  Compare and contrast the Virginia and New Jersey plans. Explain how these led to the Great Compromise.  Pick one thing about the U.S. Constitution including its amendments that you think should be changed. What  modifications would you make? Explain your reasons for making this change.What did Thomas Jefferson mean when he said, The tree of liberty must be refreshed from time to time with the blood of patriots and tyrants? Do you think that this statement still applies to todays world?  Compare and contrast mandates and conditions of aid regarding the federal governments relationship with states. For example, how has FEMA delivered support to states and commonwealths which have experienced natural disasters?Should individual states have mor e or less power compared to the federal government when implementing laws dealing with topics such as legalization of marijuana  and abortion?   Outline a program that would get more people to vote in presidential elections or local elections.What are the dangers of gerrymandering when it comes to voting and presidential elections?Compare and contrast the major political parties in the United States. What platforms did they use in the last presidential election? What policies are they preparing for upcoming midterm elections?Why would voters choose to vote for a third party, even though they know that their candidate has virtually no chance of winning?  Describe the major sources of money that are donated to political campaigns. Check out the Federal Election Regulatory Commissions website for information.Should corporations be treated as individuals regarding being allowed to donate to political campaigns?  Ã‚  Look at the recent Citizens United ruling.  Defend your answer.  Explain the role of social media in connecting interest groups that have grown stronger as the major political parties have grown weaker.  Exp lain why the media has been called the fourth branch of government. Include your opinion on whether this is an accurate portrayal. Compare and contrast the campaigns of Senate and  House of Representatives candidates.Should term limits be instituted for members of Congress? Explain your answer.Should members of Congress vote their conscience or follow the will of the people who elected them into office? Explain your answer.Explain how executive orders have been used by presidents throughout the history of the U.S. What is the number of executive orders issued by the current president?In your opinion, which of the three branches has the most power? Defend your answer.Which of the rights guaranteed by the First Amendment do you consider the most important? Explain your answer.  Should a school be required to get a warrant before searching a students property? Defend your answer.  Why did the Equal Rights Amendment fail? What kind of campaign could be run to see it passed?Explain how the 14th Amendment has affected civil liberties in the United States from the time of its passage at the end of the Civil War.D o you think that the federal government has enough, too much or just the right amount of power? Defend your answer.

Why Wharton School of Business and How to Get In

Why Wharton School of Business and How to Get In Established in 1881 as the first business school in the United States, the  University of Pennsylvanias Wharton School of Business is consistently recognized as one of the  best business schools in the world. It is renowned for innovative teaching methods and a wide range of academic programs and resources and boasts the worlds largest and most cited faculty.   WhartonPrograms Wharton School offers a wide range of business programs for students at every education level. Program offerings include   Pre-College Programs, Undergraduate Program,   MBA Program,   Executive MBA Program,   Doctoral Programs,   Executive Education,   Global Programs, and Interdisciplinary Programs.   Undergraduate Program The four-year  undergraduate program leads to a Bachelor of Science in Economics degree for every student. However, undergraduate students can choose from 20 concentration options to broaden their education. Concentration examples include finance, accounting, marketing, information management, real estate, global analysis, actuarial science, and more. MBA Program The MBA curriculum offers a wide range of classes that give students the power to create their own individualized major. After completing the first year of the core curriculum, students have the opportunity to concentrate on their individual interests and goals. Wharton offers 200 electives in 15 interdisciplinary programs so that students can fully customize their educational experience.   Doctoral Program The Doctoral Program is a full-time program offering 10 specialized fields, including accounting, business and public policy, ethics and legal study, finance, healthcare systems, Insurance and risk management, marketing, operations and information management, real estate, and statistics. WhartonAdmissions Applications are accepted online or in the classic paper format. Admission requirements vary by program.

The Greatest Generation by Tom Brokaw Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

The Greatest Generation by Tom Brokaw - Essay Example d to the call in honor and love for country; they turned down their own interest and pleasure to defeat their enemies; and they won their independence to see their nation rise up again from the pit of a devastating war that had killed millions of their loved ones and created a massive loss of their properties. These heroic deeds during the world war lead Brokaw to call their generation the â€Å"greatest generation† America has yet seen. World War II was the most damaging war in the history which started in the year 1939 about 70 years ago, and believed to have ended in 1945. Germany’s invasion of Poland without any warning sparked the beginning of the war on September 1, 1939. On the third day of September, two other countries, Britain and France joined in the conflict against Germany; and in a span of one week, four other countries, Australia, New Zealand, Canada, and South Africa had also joined in the war (â€Å"A WW2 Timeline†). This global military conflict was divided into two opposing military alliances namely: the Allies composed of countries including Soviet Union, United States, and United Kingdom, and the Axis composed of Germany, Japan, Italy, and many others. World War II is the deadliest and the bloodiest war that has ever hit the world with 61 million casualties of both military and civilian. Brokaw believes that there are significant, astonishing, and memorable stories behind every tragedy -- stories of hope, of greatness, of survival that leads him to create the book â€Å"The Greatest Generation.† â€Å"The Greatest Generation† accounts stories of veteran Americans, men and women who fought during the World War 2 against two of the greatest military machines ever created in the history of mankind. They gave up their lives, offered up their honor, dignity, and courage to see their nation rise up again. The book aims to let Americans of today’s generation know how much these people have sacrificed and fought the good fight so they can attain and

Employee Portfolio Motivational Plan Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Employee Portfolio Motivational Plan - Assignment Example As a matter of fact, he is on the brink of being the ideal employee; he just needs that aspect of motivation. Since Timothy has different needs that are independent of each other but all need to be satisfied, the motivation theory that best explains his situation is Alderfer’s ERG theory. For example, although he prefers to work alone, he aspires to be in a leadership position. At the same time, although he is socially inclined, he is not empathetic. Elza needs attention, emotional support, and better working conditions. She is a very emotional person who tends to get frustrated quickly. This could explain why she has problems with her boss and her juniors. Elza needs to feel valued, understood, and trusted. Her superiors should seriously consider her emotional needs and work conditions in order to bring the best out of her because these appear to be her main areas of concern. The theory that best explains Elza’s situation is Herzberg’s two-factor theory, which identifies motivators and hygiene as the two aspects that cause workplace satisfaction or dissatisfaction. While Elza is committed to her work and exhibits professionalism, her working conditions (hygiene factors) are suppressing her enthusiasm for work. Based on Herzberg’s theory, Elza’s situation embodies low hygiene and high motivation combination (Pinder, 2014). She can perform much better if she is provided with ideal working conditions an d more emotional support. Elza also exhibits certain aspects of McClelland’s motivation theory, specifically the achievement dimension. She wants to excel, prefers to work alone, and is extremely driven to accomplish tasks. Emerick has all the qualities of any organization’s ideal employee. However, he also has some weaknesses that need to be eliminated, although they are not so worrying as to affect his overall performance. This employee needs to be given more indoctrination in the